It is most often compressed air, but may also be nitrogen, especially for fuel gases or oxygen service. Note that compressed air often contains both oil and water, so care must be exercised in specifying an appropriate test medium. A preliminary pneumatic test is often applied, holding the test pressure at 25 psig to locate leaks prior to testing at the test pressure. The test pressure for pneumatic tests is to be at least 1.
The pneumatic test must be held at least 10 minutes, after which time it must be reduced to the lower of the design pressure or psig kPa gage until an inspection for leaks is conducted. If a high degree of sensitivity is required, other tests are available such as massspectrometer or halide tests.
We will follow-up on some of these areas in later portions of this book. It is generally considered to be the piping that one may find in chemical plants, refineries, paper mills, and other manufacturing plants.
Piping Codes This code is structured similar to B Note that while the paragraphs of B This convention follows throughout the B31 codes. There are several very important concepts in this code that should be identified before we delve too far into the particulars.
Because we have entered into the realm of process piping, it is necessary to recognize some of the inherent hazards associated with handling dangerous chemicals. In many manufacturing facilities, you will see eyewash stations or emergency showers, or a device which is a combination of both. These have evolved over the years into fairly sophisticated units, which may have remote alarms if activated to alert plant personnel to the fact that someone is in trouble.
Tepid water can be mixed at the device using an ASSE device. This is an indication of a poorly maintained facility. The drains of eyewash and safety showers are often not piped to a sewer and many are not located near a floor drain. This may create some reluctance to test these devices. This is unfortunate, since the supply lines should be periodically flushed. This scope specifically excludes the following: 1.
Piping with an internal design pressure between 0 and 15 psi kPa 2. Power boilers and BEP which is required to be in accordance with B Tubes inside fired heaters 4. Pressure vessels, heat exchangers, pumps, or compressors. The fluid is nonflammable, nontoxic, and not damaging to human tissue. The design pressure does not exceed psig kPa. These are the fluids most often used with this code. While it is a good checklist, most of the items contained are common sense. Of particular interest is the description of how to determine component temperatures using the fluid temperature.
For example, the temperature used for lap joint flanges shall be 85 percent of the fluid temperature. Note that unless you use the absolute temperature in degrees Rankine or Kelvin, such a calculation has no meaning, since a percentage cannot be applied to the Fahrenheit or Celsius scales.
A comparison between the two tables shows that Table The obvious reason is that process piping deals with more fluids that are corrosive to steel. In many cases, thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics, and resins will be more appropriate materials for the fluids handled in the purview of the process piping code. This set of paragraphs states that if the components listed in Table In other words, you have to determine the minimum wall thickness of the straight pipe based on the design temperature and pressure, as well as the mechanical and corrosion allowances.
Once you apply the mill tolerance of Most often, any pressure excursions are prevented through the use of pressure relief devices, such as pressure relief valves, pressure safety valves, or rupture disks. Also, it is important to note that the allowable stresses are temperature dependent. So if there are temperature excursions as allowed for in both B Unless someone has taken the trouble to build a database of the relationships between operating temperature and pressure, and allowable temperature and pressure, then the designer will be well-advised to base the design pressure on the MAXIMUM temperature that the system will ever see, and not to rely on the allowance for temperature variations.
Therefore, from a practical standpoint, it is best to not rely upon any allowances for temperature or pressure excursions above the design conditions. Choose your design conditions so that the temperature and pressure will not be exceeded.
We did the same thing for B But B This minimum wall thickness includes any mechanical, corrosion, or erosion allowances. If the piping system contains bends not elbows , then you also must compensate for thinning of the bends, as in ASME B Unless specially ordered which is usually prohibitively expensive piping is generally purchased based on commercially available schedules or wall thicknesses. These thicknesses must take into account the mill tolerance which may be as much as Therefore, under ordinary circumstances, the pipe wall thickness T will be Carbon steel pipe dimensions are shown in Appendix 1 of this text.
Table A-1A relates exclusively to castings. Table A-1B relates to longitudinal weld joints. The quality factor is a means of de-rating the pressure based on the material and method of manufacture. The quality factors are in place to account for imperfections in castings, such as inclusions and voids. Machining all of the surfaces of a casting to a finish of micro inches 6.
But note that the Quality Factor E in B See Paragraph See also Paragrah Therefore, the tabulated values are only the values of S. This factor accounts for the long term strength of weld joints at elevated temperatures. W falls linearly to 0. The values are taken from Table The equations given use Table K-1 for the basic allowable stresses. These stresses are higher than those listed in Table A-1 for the same materials.
With the possibility of W 1. We are faced with the following prerequisites: 1. The names assigned to the various reinforcing areas in B See Table 4. For B In order to satisfy the reinforcement requirements of B Also, as in B We have to determine the required wall thickness of each pipe, by applying one of the formulas in Section We need to obtain the values of S, E, and Y.
We interpolate and use 14, psi, and note a significant increase in the allowable stresses assigned to the same material we used in Example 4. Under the tables in B This is a difference of nearly 44 percent. We find E in Table A1-B. For A, there are three classes or types of pipe listed. Carbon steel is a ferritic steel, so in Table Applying Formula 3a for the branch connection.
This is a typical value. Schedule 20 has a wall thickness of 0. Schedule 10 is also available in 4 in carbon steel, but light schedules were introduced to save money on low-hazard services such as fire-protection and compressed air. We will want to use Schedule 40, which has a wall thickness of 0. We also used Schedule 40 for the branch pipe in Example 4. Comparing the results of B We eventually arrived at the same result, that is, no additional material such as a re-pad was required.
But notice the difference in the values calculated between the two codes. The B We still have a deficit of reinforcing material of: 1. But we can still use it, provided it does not lay outside the reinforcement zone.
The OD of the branch pipe is 4. Again we want the branch fillet welded to the run before the repad is applied, so the minimum ID of the repad is 4. We select a thickness approximately one-fourth of the width. Note that we must choose a re-pad material that is compatible with the metallurgy of the adjoining pipes. Also, if the allowable stress of the re-pad is less than that of the run pipe, its area must be increased in proportion to the ratio of the allowable stress of the run pipe over the re-pad.
If the re-pad allowable stress is more than the allowable stress of the run pipe, no credit may be taken. Comparing the results of this example to Example 4. A review of the four fluid services reveals that the most benign service is Category D, followed by normal fluids, and then perhaps high pressure fluids with Category M fluids constituting the most hazardous service.
If you were dealing with water in a plant it would most likely be a Category D fluid service, regardless of whether it is potable or cooling water or general service water. Paragraph These pipes are made with a continuous longitudinal butt weld. The furnace butt weld process is a continuous Piping Codes forge weld that is made through the application of mechanical pressure. It is not as strong as electric resistance welded pipe, electric fusion welded pipe, or seamless pipe.
Because safeguarding is an added expense in terms of both design and installation, the designer would be better off using a more suitable pipe material.
But this avoids the concept of safeguarding altogether, which may be required in other circumstances. For example, suppose you are faced with designing a piping system that handles dilute hydrochloric acid. You realize that it is corrosive to carbon steel, and stainless steel is not suitable due to the possibility of stress corrosion cracking.
You select a PVC piping system that is impervious to the HCl, but might not hold up so well against fork truck traffic. Safeguarding is the provision of protective measures to minimize the risk of accidental damage to a piping system, or to mitigate the consequences of a possible pipe failure. Severe cyclic conditions are defined in Paragraph The allowable displacement stress SA is dependent only on the material, the temperature fluctuations during the operating cycles, and the number of cycles.
The calculation of the resultant stresses is best left to a computer program, as it becomes cumbersome. For the moment, it is enough to realize that severe cyclic conditions are not common, since thermal cycles above over the expected life of the system are not common. The prerequisites are the same as for B The threshold values are different as well. Solution: The left hand side of the equation would appear to be identical to the left hand side of the equation we used for B This may affect the thermal displacements.
For the benign Category D fluids, a service test may be conducted using the service fluid as the test medium, and setting the test pressure at the operating pressure.
This is in lieu of conducting a hydrostatic test. It is not required however. Piping Codes The B It is most often conducted with clean water, unless that would pose a problem such as contamination or corrosion, and it is held for 10 minutes at 1.
Due to the possibility of brittle fracture of nonmetallic piping which may be found in systems under the scope of B Because chemical piping can involve core complicated equipment and piping designs, there may be additional factors to be considered in a pressure test. Internal piping of a jacketed line should be tested at the more critical of either the internal or jacket design pressure Paragraph Because there may be elevated temperatures, Paragraph Because the most demanding service that one might encounter in such a facility would be steam and condensate, one might expect this code to rely on ASME B In fact, there are many similarities between B Both codes cover boiler external piping.
However, B Similarly, B As with B That is, the values tabulated are equal to SE. Further, just because the system appears to satisfy the flexibility criterion, there is no assurance that the reactions at the anchors will be acceptable. See B Very often in a project the piping specifications are available in some form or another. They may be specific to the current project or left over from an earlier project but deemed to be suitable for the one you are working on. Most engineers collect specifications as they move from project to project.
These specs tend to evolve over time, with appendages growing out of them to handle a situation that stung some poor engineer once upon a time. One danger in recycling old specifications is that they often refer to out-of-date or obsolete specifications and standards.
W hereas codes which are adopted by regulating authorities are required to be met or exceeded, specifications and standards are not necessarily mandatory requirements of regulating authorities, although they are often cited within the codes. Standards are prepared by trade associations to provide guidance on how materials, equipment, or systems should be installed or operated.
This standard provides design considerations that assist in the safe operation of oxygen piping systems. Some standards set dimensions for fittings, so that every time you need to connect one lb 6 in flange to another lb 6 in flange, the bolt holes line up and the raised faces of the flanges mirror each other on the opposite sides of the gasket. This should be true even if the flanges are made by different manufacturers.
Specifications can mean either those that are project-specific, or those that are developed to establish the requirements of a material like carbon steel or a type of pipe like A Grade B, or a valve.
Project-specific specifications are those that are prepared by the engineer to describe the quality of the material and workmanship for a project. They may take the form of an outlined narrative or a table. Project-specific specifications will be discussed in a later chapter. The other type of specification is most often developed by a standards organization, government agency, or trade association. See Table 5. In this book, we will omit the revision year since it will be sufficient to identify the document.
A list of some of the common codes, standards, and specifications appears in Table 5. While this list is not meant to be exhaustive, it represents a practical collection of applicable references in one place. The engineer may search for available references using this table. Note that some of the standards share joint responsibility between two organizations.
If the reader were to look for the standard, it would be easy to locate using only the one organization. For piping and fittings, it is often necessary to identify both the material specification and a specification that addresses the dimensional requirements of the component.
The presence of an asterisk next to a specification listed in Table 5. Table Table 5. Box N. He may have thought he was doing a good job by saving money over the cost of a copper or steel system, but when one of the lines ruptured, it showered two workers with scalding water. One was hospitalized. P VC is a perfectly acceptable material for the applications for which it is designed.
If you expose it to high temperature, high pressure, shock loads, or the sun, you can expect failure in a short time. The failure may be accompanied by property damage, shrieking, or worse. There are really only a few piping materials in common use. You will often see reference books provide data on materials like borosilicate glass piping, but applications for this are uncommon outside of laboratory settings.
One obsolete use of borosilicate piping is for coolant piping in electronics equipment that used vacuum tubes. Likewise, data for wood stave piping and terra cotta are common, even though such applications are out-of-date. One can still observe wood stave construction in old cooling tower installations1 and terra cotta house drains, but no one would ever design a new system using these materials2.
The maintenance superintendent loved them because they required no painting and did not corrode. Small leaks were sealed by tossing a few handfuls of sawdust into the open top of the tank. These manuals contain useful data for applications that are specific to the material under consideration. Aside from providing technical data, they often cast the products they represent in a favorable light compared to other products.
Upon examining any of the various tables that describe what sizes and wall thicknesses of pipe are available, the reader will note that the critical dimension in every case is the outside diameter. In the world of piping, the outside diameter only occasionally matches exactly with the nominal diameter. This is essentially the difference between piping and tubing.
Tubing is specified in two ways: 1. It may be specified by OD and wall thickness 2. It may be specified by ID and wall thickness. Piping is specified by nominal diameter and wall thickness.
The selection of materials is of paramount importance to the piping engineer. Some of the criteria used to select a material include chemical compatibility, system cleanliness requirements, service life, allowable stress, availability, ease of repair, and economy.
Casting versus Forging In addition to specifying the correct material for a pipe or fitting, it is important to understand the way in which the item was manufactured. In general, metals that are cast are more brittle, and therefore more susceptible to fracture, than are forged metals. However, there are varying degrees of strength among cast metals as well. Hence, cast iron is weaker than cast steel. This is why cast iron reducing bushings are not permitted for use in fuel gas piping, but cast steel bushings are.
Given a choice, the forged materials will be the better selection due to their ability to withstand abuse. Over-tightening a cast threaded fitting will often result in a stress fracture. Castings are not easily welded. Castings may have surface imperfections due to improper cleaning of the mold. Forging work-hardens the metal and imparts greater durability. Forged metals withstand higher stresses. Forged steel fittings are easily welded.
However, engineering is the science of making choices, or compromises, and those choices are often based as much on economics as technical merit. Castings often represent the least expensive installed cost. Materials of Construction Cast Iron Pipe Commercially manufactured cast iron contains between 2 and 6.
These metals are exceptionally strong in compression, but are very brittle. They have very low ductility and malleability, and cannot be drawn, rolled, or worked at room temperature. A sharp blow with a sledge hammer can crack a cast iron pipe. Cast irons melt readily however, and can be cast into complicated shapes and machined. This property suits them for some valve bodies. While ductile irons are also cast, the terms distinguish the metallographic structures of the materials.
Cast iron describes a metallographic structure in which the carbon exists in the form of graphite flakes. The graphite is essentially carbon, chemically uncombined with any other elements.
The flakes form stress concentrations at the microscopic level. Applications Cast iron was probably the first metal used for piping. The first recorded use of it was for a fountain in Langensalza, Germany circa A water distribution system was installed in France in for the palace of Versailles, and is allegedly still in use.
Cast iron water mains are still in service throughout the world however, in aging infrastructure. In this process, a water-cooled metal or sand-lined mold is spun about its longitudinal axis, while the premeasured molten iron alloy is poured into the mold. The centrifugal force flings the iron against the walls of the mold where it remains until solidified. Cast iron fittings are produced using static molds. There are two types of cast iron CI pipe.
Small diameters are also sometimes threaded. This variety has its own set of wall thicknesses. See Table 6. See Figure 6. The narrower spigot of one piece is inserted into the bell of another. The joints are sealed with an integral elastomeric gasket, or with a lead and oakum joint. The elastomer gasket in an integral gasket bell and spigot joint is usually neoprene. Oakum is a hemp or jute rope that is coated with pine tar.
It is packed into the annulus between the OD of the plain end spigot and the ID of the bell. This forms a strong seal that is impervious to water and root penetration. Of course, this is a labor-intensive joint, but it is still used in modern applications; mostly for repair work.
Lead wool is yet another method of sealing bell and spigot joints. This material looks like steel wool, but is made entirely of lead, and is caulked into the joints with a hammer and chisel. Bell and spigot cast iron pipe is available in diameters from 2 in to 15 in.
From the early s through approximately a lead substitute was used for bell and spigot joints. This seal was popular due to a favorable cost versus lead. It was also supposed to be easier to work than lead, with less material required to seal the joints. Differences in coefficients of thermal expansion between leadite and cast iron, as well as the brittle nature of the material, have caused line breaks, and many municipalities that have leadite joints are currently undergoing repair and replacement campaigns to eliminate these joints.
The mechanical joint in a hubless coupling consists of a neoprene sleeve which is compressed against the ODs of the two abutting pipes See Figure 6.
Another type of mechanical joint utilizes a stainless steel shield with an elastomeric sleeve and two or more hose clamps. Cast iron pipe can be cut to length in a variety of ways. The most common tool in the field is probably the soil pipe cutter Figure 6. The chain is clamped to the circumference of the pipe and slowly tightened, resulting in a circumferential stress concentration that rises until the pipe is cracked along the plane formed by the wheels.
The pipe or cutter may also be rotated to provide additional stress points along the circumference. Abrasive saws may also be used, as well as power hack saws and even cold chisels. Cast iron soil pipe can be used above ground or below ground. It can support the weight of soil in underground applications. As with any aboveground installation, care must be taken to properly support CI pipe. This is especially true due to its weight and the method of joining. Each end of each segment must be supported.
CI pipe can withstand some physical abuse but is not able to withstand sharp blows. This is precisely why it can be cut using soil pipe cutters or chisels. It can resist soil pressures and is a good choice for underground drains. Although CI pipe has a long service life, it can also be expected to display some tuberculation over time, and may not provide a smooth flow surface due to the accumulation of solids that may form on localized corrosion.
CI pipe which was used in potable water service was often cement lined to prevent iron dissolution into the water, and to protect the interior of the pipe from corrosion. Low noise transmission is one benefit of CI drains. A low coefficient of thermal expansion relative to other materials means that noise resulting from thermal expansion may also be minimized.
In a company apartment in Savannah, Georgia, I was sometimes awakened by creaking under the bathroom sink. I traced the source of the noise to the expansion of a shared PVC drain line between my sink and the one in the apartment opposite mine. It seems that the early risers in that apartment were using hot water in the sink which caused the drain line to expand.
PVC has a coefficient of linear expansion five times higher than cast iron. CI pipe is a noncombustible material that does not require firestopping through walls. This may provide an economic incentive to use CI pipe in applications that require firestopping. Note that cast iron is used as a material for valve bodies and equipment, and in those cases sometimes requires a flange connection.
The gasket would act as a fulcrum and might crack the cast iron flange when the flange bolts are torqued. For this same reason, a flat faced flange should not be mated to a raised face flange. Because a bell and spigot joint can be pulled apart under internal pressure loads including water hammer CI pipe must be restrained.
A common restraint method is to use concrete thrust blocks. Example 6. The flow rate is GPM. Soil bearing pressure is PSF. The density of water is TABLE 6. Maximum depths are height of soil above top of pipe in feet.
Solution: The force to be restrained is the sum of the forces created by the internal pressure in the pipe and the velocity of the fluid impacting the elbow. A 12 in diameter service weight pipe has an OD of For an elbow, two blocks are required, placed where the arrows are shown in the figure. Note that the thickness of the thrust block must also be accounted for. The block must be sufficiently thick to 91 92 Chapter 6 withstand the compressive force applied without shearing reinforcing may be required.
The calculation currently makes no allowance for water hammer loads, which may increase the force substantially. Finally, there is often very little care paid to thrust blocks during the construction phase.
Forms are rarely used. Instead, a hole is dug, a pile of concrete is poured, the hole is covered, and the pipe very often leaks. The surface of the thrust block that bears against the soil should be flat. Any time you specify a thrust block, great care must be taken in the field to ensure that the thrust block will satisfy the requirements.
Field inspections are advisable. In lieu of this, a better choice will be restrained joints designed to accommodate the thrust loads. Ductile Iron Pipe Ductile iron DI pipe was developed in , and soon replaced cast iron pipe in pressure applications. The metallographic structure of ductile iron is such that the graphite exists in the form of nodules. These compact nodules do not interrupt the metallurgical matrix like the graphite flakes in cast iron.
The result is a material that is stronger and tougher than cast iron. Applications Like cast iron, ductile iron is used for sewage service. But it finds additional use in liquid service; especially for water, and especially potable water. Ductile iron pipe is available in five pressure classes, defined as the rated working pressure of the pipe, based on a minimum yield strength of 42, psi and a 2. When DI pipe was introduced, the outside diameters of the sizes between 4 and 48 in inclusive were selected to be identical to that of cast iron pipe to make the transition to the new material easier.
Accessories and fittings were then compatible. The service allowance is 0. The casting tolerances are given in Table 6. There are 12 standard wall thickness classes for DI pipe.
The DI pipe classes are divided into two categories: 1. The Pressure Class is named after the working pressure of the pipe, as shown in the example above.
It allows for a pressure surge of psi above the working pressure, and includes a yield stress of 42, psi for the DI material, a factor of safety of 2, and also the service allowance and casting tolerances described in the above example. These numbers are nominal identifiers and have no physical meaning unlike the Pressure Class names which identify the working pressure values. These Special Thickness Classes are often specified since they permit a larger variety of wall thicknesses for an application than would otherwise be available from the Pressure Class thicknesses.
The combination of the two classes provides a more extensive menu from which to select an economical wall thickness. The minimum wall thickness manufactured is 0.
The inside surface may also be furnished uncoated, with asphaltic coating, coal tar epoxy a resin and tar combination , or various proprietary coatings, depending on the application. The cement inner lining is by far the most common, in order to limit corrosion and improve flow characteristics. If handled roughly or stored for long periods, the cement lining may be subject to cracks, and sometimes even looseness.
Vendor literature states that this does not inhibit the effectiveness of the lining. It is thought that exposure of the lining to water causes the cracks to close due to swelling of the cement as the water is absorbed into the microstructure of the lining.
A three part Portland cement and two part clean sand mixture is prepared with enough water to provide a slump of 5 to 8 in. This mixture is applied with a paintbrush and allowed to cure slowly before use. Alternatively, an asphaltic coating may be applied over the damaged area. There are several common methods in use to join DI pipe. One is a bell-and-spigot joint, which, like some cast iron pipe, uses a flexible gasket to provide the seal. Another method is the use of flanges. Still another is the mechanical joint.
Size in 4 Outside Diameter in 4. The thicknesses shown are adequate for the rated water working pressure plus a surge allowance of psi. Values are based on a minimum yield strength in tension of 42, psi and 2. Mechanical joints are designed with a gland that compresses a gasket. In some designs, the joint is also restrained from pulling apart. It is worth noting that whenever a cut pipe is to be inserted into a gasketed bell and spigot joint, the cut end must be beveled in order to prevent damaging the gasket.
In underground systems using bell and spigot joints, the same problems with thrust blocks apply to ductile iron pipe as to cast iron pipe. Carbon Steel Carbon steel piping is the type that is most often used in industrial applications. It has the advantage of wide availability, high strength, and myriad connection systems and fittings. Many grades of carbon steel pipe are available. These grades vary due to metallurgy and manufacture of the pipe itself.
To the pipefitter, there is essentially no difference between the various grades. He will ply his trade in the same manner irrespective of the ASTM number. In critical applications, a welder may choose a different electrode or current, depending on the grade of steel used. And once the material is specified, the piping engineer or designer will also pay no particular attention to the grade of steel used.
Author : Eduardo B. Piping and Pipeline Calculations Manual, Second Edition provides engineers and designers with a quick reference guide to calculations, codes, and standards applicable to piping systems. The book considers in one handy reference the multitude of pipes, flanges, supports, gaskets, bolts, valves, strainers, flexibles, and expansion joints that make up these often complex systems.
It uses hundreds of calculations and examples based on the author's 40 years of experiences as both an engineer and instructor. Each example demonstrates how the code and standard has been correctly and incorrectly applied. Aside from advising on the intent of codes and standards, the book provides advice on compliance.
Readers will come away with a clear understanding of how piping systems fail and what the code requires the designer, manufacturer, fabricator, supplier, erector, examiner, inspector, and owner to do to prevent such failures. The book enhances participants' understanding and application of the spirit of the code or standard and form a plan for compliance.
The book covers American Water Works Association standards where they are applicable. Author : Mohinder L. Instant answers to your toughest questions on piping components and systems!
It's impossible to know all the answers when piping questions are on the table - the field is just too broad. That's why even the most experienced engineers turn to Piping Handbook, edited by Mohinder L.
Nayyar, with contribution from top experts in the field. The Handbook's 43 chapters of them new to this edition--and 9 new appendices provide, in one place, everything you need to work with any type of piping, in any type of piping system: design layout selection of materials fabrication and components operation installation maintenance This world-class reference is packed with a comprehensive array of analytical tools, and illustrated with fully-worked-out examples and case histories.
Thoroughly updated, this seventh edition features revised and new information on design practices, materials, practical applications and industry codes and standards--plus every calculation you need to do the job. This on-the-job resource is packed with all the formulas, calculations, and practical tips necessary to smoothly move gas or liquids through pipes, assess the feasibility of improving existing pipeline performance, or design new systems.
Published by the Plastics Pipe Institute PPI , the Handbook describes how polyethylene piping systems continue to provide utilities with a cost-effective solution to rehabilitate the underground infrastructure.
The book will assist in designing and installing PE piping systems that can protect utilities and other end users from corrosion, earthquake damage and water loss due to leaky and corroded pipes and joints. Industrial Piping and Equipment Estimation Manual delivers an invaluable resource for day-to-day operations.
Packed full of worksheets covering combined and simple cycle power plants, refineries, compressor stations, ethanol, hydrogen and biomass plants, this reference helps the construction engineer and estimator learn how to create bids where scope and quantity differences can be identified and project impacts estimated.
Beginning with an introduction devoted to labor, productivity measurement, estimating methods, and factors affecting construction labor productivity and impacts of overtime, the author then explores equipment through hands-on estimation tables, including sample estimates and statistical applications. Includes day-to-day worksheets to help users estimate equipment and piping for any plant or refinery project Presents the comparison method to estimate similarities and differences between proposed and previously installed equipment Helps users understand and produce more accurate direct costs with sample estimates.
Author : Harry A. Books on design of pipelines, and equipment such as pumps and compressors are available but almost none on the piping that carries fluid to and fro. This practical, no-frills book offers complete coverage of piping practices and maintenance all in one place. Written by a professional with 35 years of hands-on knowledge and experience in pipeline building, operating, and maintenance, this manual is designed to be kept at the ready, on the shop floor.
Maintenance engineers and managers will wonder how they've survived so long without it! Features practical insight and valuable notes. This book really gives you good thought that will very influence for the readers future. How to get thisbook?
Getting this book is simple and easy. You can download the soft file of this book in this website. This website is available with pay and free online books.
You can start in searching the book in titled Piping Systems Manual by Brian Silowash in the search menu. Then download it. Wait for some minutes until the download is finish. This soft file is ready to read anytime you want. Piping - Wikipedia Within industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids liquids and gases from one location to another.
The engineering discipline of piping design Piping Systems - With metallic piping systems, piping corrosion is an ongoing problem that can lead to process leaks, flow restrictions and ultimately, premature failures.
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